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However, large-scale energy storage remains a challenge. The storage of power surplus could be a solution to the intermittence of renewable energy. Due to power fluctuations, energy-deficit periods will alternate with excess production seasons. (18) Further electricity may be supplied by offshore wind energy, but the transportation from the coast to inland areas is still a problem today. (16,17) For instance, the available renewable energies in Germany, that is, onshore wind and solar energies, could provide electricity up to 2000 h a year, which is by far too less to deal with the annual power demand. (15) Drawbacks such as the fluctuations of renewable energies, geographic limitations, and problems related to energy storage have to be overcome. The global consumption of renewables is predicted to grow in the next years, but will still remain relatively low for the foreseeable future ( Figure 1). (14) The production of hydrogen via water electrolysis using electricity from renewable energies is the most appropriate technology from an environmental point of view due to its zero carbon footprint. (12,13) Thereby, the transformation of industrial emissions into chemicals prevents the release of GHG into the atmosphere.Īlthough hydrogen is a zero-emission fuel, its suitability also depends on the energy consumed and the cleanliness of the production method. This is actually one of the objectives set within the Carbon2Chem project, which aims to convert steel mill gases into base chemicals such as methanol.
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(7,8,10,11) Hydrogen also plays a major role in the development of new strategies for converting industrial CO 2 emissions into important platform chemicals. (9) The chemical energy of hydrogen can be efficiently converted to electricity and other energy forms without GHG emissions. (7,8) Hydrogen has received special attention for its application in fuel cells and internal combustion engines, enabling the creation of a low-carbon hydrogen economy.
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(6) In addition to this, the combustion of hydrogen originates more energy on a mass basis than conventional fossil fuels. (5) Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers and is considered the cleanest fuel because its combustion produces only water. (4) The hydrogen economy concept is based on the use of hydrogen as a potential fuel. (3) Since most CO 2 emissions derive from the combustion of fossil fuels for power generation, much research is concerned at present with the development of zero-emission fuels. (2) Specifically, Germany aims to become carbon neutral by 2050. The basis of this energy system is the decrease of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to reduce global warming, and thus, accomplish the goals set out in the Paris Agreement (1) and Kyoto Protocol. The establishment of a sustainable power system to meet the growing energy demand is one of our most critical current challenges.